Glossary

Symbols

(generalized) bias, 33
(probabilistic) linear regression, 15.1.4
(probabilistic) regression, 15.1.3

A

absence of arbitrage, 20a.1.3
abstract Bayes theorem, 27.13.3
accounting signals, 43.5
accrued interest, 19.2.1
action, 34.1.1
activation function, 33.4.1
activity time, 1.8.2
actual cash-flow, 19.2.3
actual exchange rate, 19.2.3
actual value, 19.2.3
adapted variable
    partition, 27.13.3
adaptive execution algorithm, 10.3.2
additive, 27.11.1
additive factor-residual, ??
admissible, 35.2.2
algebraic multiplicity, 47.6.5
algebraic Riccati equation, 47.8.2
allocation policy, 6.5
alpha, 7.3.1
alternative beta, 9c
alternative hypothesis, 38.1
analysis of variance, 14.1.9
ancestor, 15.3.4
angle, 47.4.1
    canonical, 32.3.2
    covariance, 32.3.2
    expectation, 32.3.1
anti-monotonic, 30.2
    transformation, 48.5.2
arbitrage pricing theory, 20b.3.1
architecture, 33.4.1
area under curve (AUC), 14.3.3
arithmetic Brownian motion with drift, 41.1.2
Arrow-Debreu securities, 20b.1.2
Arrow-Pratt absolute risk aversion function, 7.4.1
ask size, 1.8.1
assets, 6.7.1
at the money, 1.4.2
    foreign exchange market, 1.4.4
augmented view variables, 16.5.3
autocorrelation
    function, 42.1
autocovariance
    function, 42.1
autoencoders, 14.5
autoregressive conditional duration, 2.6.2
autoregressive moving average process
    autoregressive
        univariate (AR), ??, ??
    integrated
        multivariate (VARIMA), relationships-varma-vma-var
        univariate (ARIMA), ??
    moving average
        univariate (MA), ??, ??
    multivariate (VARMA), 42.3.2
    univariate (ARMA), 42.3.1
autoregressive of order one, 42.2
autoregressive-fractionally integrated-moving average of order (p,d,q), 2.4
auxiliary measure, 27.9

B

Bachelier, 22.3.1
backpropagation, 33.4.1, 45.1.1
backward cash-flow-adjusted value, 19.1.5
backward/forward exponential weighted moving average, 3.10.6
bag of words, 15.3.3
bagging, 37.4.1
balance sheet, 6.7.1
balanced, 37.1
bandpass filter, 42.5.3
bandwidth, 3.1.2
    kernel density estimate, 3.2.3
bandwidth matrix, 3.1.2
base case, 16.6.1
base distribution, 16.1.1
base measure, 27.9
basis, 24.4.3, 47.1.2
    canonical, 47.1.2
    orthonormal, 47.4.3
basis denominator, 24.4.3
basis instruments, 20b.1.1
Bayes classifier, 14.4.2
Bayes error
    expected error, 36.1.2
    frequentist approach, 36.4.2
    frequentist prediction, 36.3.2
Bayes risk, 34.1.2
Bayes theorem, 35.2.1
Bayesian decision, 34.1.3
Bayesian networks, 15.3.6
benchmark, 24.5.1
best ask, 1.8.1
best bid, 1.8.1
best prediction, 47.4.4
beta-adjusted excess return, 24.5.2
bets, 8b.5
between-cluster/group variance, 14.1.9
Bhattacharyya coefficient, 37.4.4
bias, 32.6.4, 36.1.2
bias reduction, 33
bid size, 1.8.1
bid-ask spread, 10.1
bilateral value adjustment, 6.2
binary classification, 14.3.4
binary score, 14.4.5
binning, 1.8.3
binomial inverse theorem, 47.5.4
binomial tree, 2.1.2
bins, 1.8.3, 46.3.2
bins width, 46.3.2
Black-Merton-Scholes model, 22.3.2
bond yield, 5.3.2
bootstrap aggregating, 37.4.1
Borel sets, 27.13.1
boundedness, 16.1.7
breadth, 9c.5.2, 33.4.1
breakdown point, 3.7.2
Bregman divergence, 28.1.4
Brownian motion, 2.1.1
Buhlmann pricing equation, 20a.5
Buhlmann principle, 21.2.4
butterfly, 1.4.4, 20b.1.2

C

calendar signal, 43.5
calibrate, 22
call option, 1.4.1
canonical basis property, 27.8.2
canonical correlation matrix, 30.3.1
canonical parameters, 27.9
capital asset pricing model, 20b.2
capital gain, 19.1.6
carry signal, 43.1
CART, 33.3.1
cash-flow function, 5.1
cash-flow-adjusted value, 19.1.5
categorical distributions, 27.8.1
categories, 27.8.1
Cauchy distribution, 27.6.2
Cauchy-Schwartz inequality, 47.4.1
causal, 42.5.3
center of the bin, 46.3.2
central tendency, 32.5.1
    affine equivariant, 32.4.1, 32.4.2
certainty-equivalent, 7.4
certainty-equivalent principle, 21.2.2
chain rule, 15.3.6
    gradient, 48.1.2
    matrix-variate, 48.1.3
    multivariate, 48.1.2
    univariate, 48.1.1
change of variable formula
    multivariate, 48.4.3
    univariate, 48.4.1
characteristic equation, 47.6.1
characteristic function
    multivariate, 27.1
    univariate, 27.1
characteristic matrix, 9c.4
characteristic polynomial, 47.6.1
characteristic portfolio, 9c.2
characteristic portfolios, 9c.4
Chebyshev’s inequality, 32.2.7
chi-squared distribution, 27.5.2
child, 15.3.4
child orders, 10
Cholesky decomposition, 47.8.3
Cholesky root, 47.8.3
CIR, 41.2.2
claims, 1.6
classes, 27.8.1
classical-equivalent, 35.2.2
classification, 13.1.1
    multinomial classification, 14.4
classification and regression trees, 33.3.1
Classification trees, 15.2.5
    splitting criterion, 15.2.5
clean price, 19.2.1, 19.2.1
clique, 15.3.4
clique factorization, 15.3.5
clustering, 13.1.2, 14.5.3
co-monotonic, 7.2
    co-monotonicity, 30.2
    copula invariance, 29.2.4
    transformation, 48.5.2
co-monotonic additivity, 7.2
coarseness level, 46.3.2
codes, 14.5
coherent satisfaction measure, 7.7.1
cointegrated, 39.1
cointegrated space, 2.8.1
cointegration signal, 43.3.3
cointegration vector, 2.8.1
    multivariate process, 39.1
collateral, 6.8.1
commonalities, 12.4.5
comparable instruments, 22
complete, 20b.1.1
compound distribution, 27.3.3
compound Poisson process, 41.1.3
compounded rate of return
    (instantaneous) compounded rate of return, 24.4.6
    average compounded rate of return, 24.4.6
compounded return, 24.4.1
concave down function
    univariate, 48.6.1
concave function
    multivariate, 48.6.2
    univariate, 48.6.1
concave up function
    univariate, 48.6.1
concavity, 7.2
condition number, 3.5.2
conditional, 35.2.1
conditional cdf, 27.3.1
conditional covariance, 27.3.2
conditional distribution of variable, 27.3.1
conditional excess distribution, 7.5.2
conditional expectation, 27.3.2
    with respect to the events set, 27.13.3
conditional independence, 15.3, 37.1
conditional pdf, 27.3.1
conditional principal component analysis, 12.6.16
conditional principal directions, 12.6.16
conditional principal variances, 12.6.16
conditional probability, 27.3.1
    with respect to the events set, 27.13.3
conditional statistical feature, 27.3.2
conditional value at risk, 7.6.2
conditioning-marginalization, 16.1.3
cone, 45.1.3
confusion matrix, 14.3
conic programming, 45.1.3
conjugate distribution, 35.2.4
consistency with weak dominance, 7.2
consistent with q-th order dominance, 7.2
constancy, 7.2
constant proportion portfolio insurance, 9d.4.1
constraint set, 45.1
constructed variables
    unsupervised learning, 13.1
contingency table, 14.3
continuous-state distributions, 2.1
convex function
    multivariate, 48.6.2
    univariate, 48.6.1
convex programming, 45.1.2
convex set, 45.1.3
convexity, 5.3.2
    risky investment, 9d.6
    satisfaction/risk measures, 7.2
coordinate descent, 45.2.7
copula, 29.2.2, 29.2.2
copula-marginal combination, 29.4.2
copula-marginal distributions, 29.4.2
copula-marginal separation, 29.4.1
copula-pdf, 29.2.3, 29.2.3
Cornish-Fisher approximation, 7.5.2
Cornish-Fisher expansion, 7.5.2
correlation, 30.3
correlation function, 30.3
correlation matrix, 30.3
cost of equity, 22.2.1
cost of trading, 9d.6
counterparty credit risk, 6.2
coupon, 1.10.2
coupon bond, 1.3.1
CoVaR, 6.6.1
covariance matrix, 32.2.1
covariance principle, 20a.5
covariance stationary, 42.1
covariant, 28.1.1
covariates, 13.1
Cramer representation, 42.6
Cramer-Lundberg ruin model, 6.7.5
credit ratings, 1.5.3
credit structural model, 128
credit value adjustment , 6.2
critical point, 45.1
cross the spread, 10.1
cross-autocovariance
    function, 42.1
cross-entropy, 15.2.1
cross-sectional, 9c, 9c
cross-sectional linear factor model, 12.5
cross-sectional sample median of default probabilities, 1.5.3
cumulant , 4.7.1
cumulative cash-flow, 19.1.3
cumulative distribution function
    multivariate, 27.1
    univariate, 27.1
cumulative link, 15.4.3
cumulative monetary amount, 1.8.1
cumulative number of migrations, 1.5.3
cumulative P&L, 1.9
cumulative signed volume, 1.8.1
cumulative trade sign, 1.8.1
cumulative volume, 1.8.1
currency carry trade, 5.2.2
curvature, 1.3.5
curve/surface signals, 43.5
cutoff classifier, 14.3.3

D

data, 34.1.1
debt, 6.7.1
debt value adjustment, 6.2
decay, 1.3.5
decision, 34.1.1
decision regions, 14.4
decoder, 14.5
decreasing function, 48.5.1
    strictly, 48.5.1
degree of reversal, 9c.2.3
delta, 1.4.4
delta rule, 33.4.1
dependent variables, 12.1, 13.1
depth, 33.4.1
derivative
    directional, 48.1.2
    first, 48.1.1
    higher order, 48.1.1
    partial, 48.1.2
    second, 48.1.1
    total, 48.1.2
    univariate, 48.1.1
descendant, 15.3.4
determinant, 47.2.3
deviation
    maximum, 32.5.3
    mean absolute, 32.5.3
    median absolute, 32.5.6
    semi, 32.5.4
    subquantile, 32.5.5
differentiable function
    multivariate, 48.1.2
    univariate, 48.1.1
dimension, 47.1.2
Dirac delta, 27.8.2
direct sum, 47.1.3
directed graph, 15.3.4
dirty price, 19.2.1
discount, 1.10.2
discount factor, 19.2.3
discount function, 5.1
discounted cash-flow, 22.2.1
discounted cash-flow adjusted value, 21.3.1
discounted payoff, 21.2
discrete Fourier transform, 46.3.1
discrete-state distributions, 2.1
discrete-state random walk, 2.1.2
discretized cf, 46.3.2
discretized pdf, 46.3.2
discriminant model
    probabilistic, 13.3.1
discriminant next-step model, 2.7.6
discriminant variables, 14.4.4
dispersion, 32.5.1
    affine equivariant, 32.4.1
    modal, 32.4.1
distance, 47.4.1
    covariance, 32.3.2
    expectation, 32.3.1
    Lp, 32.6.2
distance to default, 2.3.4
distorted cdf
    satisfaction indices/risk measures, 7.6.1
distorted ex-ante performance
    satisfaction indices/risk measures, 7.6.1
distorted pdf
    satisfaction indices/risk measures, 7.6.1
distortion expectation, 7.6.1
distortion function, 7.6.1
distortion principle, 21.2.3
distribution function, 27.13.1
distributional view, 16.1.3
diversification distribution, 8b.5
diversity, 37.4.4
dividend-adjusted value, 1.1
    stocks, 19.1.5
divisors, 27.11.2
dollar duration, 6.1.3
dollar-neutral constraint, 9c.2.2
dominant-residual LFM, 12.1.2
dot product, 47.4
drawdown, 24.6
    maximum (absolute) drawdown, 24.6
    maximum percentage drawdown, 24.6
    percentage drawdown, 24.6
dscrete-time Fourier transform, 46.3.1
dual Legendre, 28.1.3
dually flat, 28.1.3
duration, 5.3.2
DV01, 6.1.3
dynamic allocation, 9c
dynamic conditional correlation, 3.9.3
dynamic graphical models, 42.4
dynamic linear factor model, 17.2
dynamic models, 17
dynamic principal component, 17.6
dynamic regression model, 17.4

E

e-affine coordinates, 28.1.2
e-flat, 28.1.2
e-geodesic, 28.1.2
EBITDA, 6.7.2
economic capital, 7.10
economic net income, 6.7.2
edges, 15.3.4
effective convexity, 5.3.2
effective delta, 5.3.3
effective duration, 5.3.2
effective key rates durations, 5.3.2
effective number of bets, 8b.5
effective number of scenarios, 3.1.4
effective rank, 16.1.6
effective rho, 5.3.3
    key-rates, 5.3.3
effective volga, 5.3.3
efficient market hypothesis, 2.1
eigenvalue, 47.6.1
eigenvector, 47.6.1
elastic net, 37.2.2, 45.2.7
    constrained generalized elastic net, 45.2.7
ellipsoid, 32.2.4
    expectation-covariance, 32.2.4
    location-dispersion, 32.4.2
ellipsoid test for invariance, 40.1
elliptical distribution, 27.7.1
encoder, 14.5
energy, 35.1.2
ensemble approach, 34.1.4
enterprise value, 22.2.2
entropy, 35.1.2
equilibrium performance model
    Black-Litterman, 44.11
equilibrium returns
    Black-Litterman, 44.7
equity, 6.7.1
equity book value, 6.7.1
equivalent optimization problem, 45.3.1
ergodic (in mean), 39.1
Erlang process, 41.1.3
error, 32.6.4, 36.1.2
    multivariate, 32.5.7
    posterior error, 36.1.3
    univariate, 32.5.1
error correction, 42.2.7
Esscher principle, 21.2.4
estimable, 7.2
estimate, 36.1.1
    model risk, estimation risk, 34.1.4
estimation, 13.3
estimation model, 3.4
    Bayesian estimation, 35.2.2
estimation risk
    model risk, estimation risk, 34.1.4
estimation set, 37.1
    point prediction, 36.3.1
    predictive distribution, 36.4.1
estimation uncertainty, 35.2.2
estimator, 36.1.1
European-style derivatives, 1.4
evidence
    maximum likelihood, 35.1.2
evidence lower bound, 35.1.2
ex-dividend date, 19.1.2
exotic beta, 9c
expectation
    multivariate, 32.2.1
    univariate, 32.1.1
expectation rule, 27.8.3
expected drawdown, 7.3.1
expected overperformance, 7.3.1
expected shortfall
    sensu stricto, 7.6.2
expected utility, 7.4
expected value of the process variance (EVPV), 14.1.9
expectile, 7.7.2
expectile-VaR, 7.7.2
expiry, 1.4
explanatory variables, 13.1
exponential decay probabilities, 3.1.1
exponential family distribution, 27.9
exponential kernel, 3.1.2
exponential of the entropy, 3.1.4
exponential principle, 21.2.2
exponential tilting, 16.1.5
exponentially weighted moving average, 3.2.4
exponentially weighted moving correlation, 3.2.4
exponentially weighted moving covariance, 3.2.4
exponentially weighted moving quantile, 3.2.4
exponentially weighted moving standard deviation, 3.2.4
exposure, 6.1.3
    portfolio P&L, 9c.2
    risky investment, 9d.6
exposure at default, 1.5.2
extrema
    local, 45.1
    relative, 45.1
extreme value theory, 7.5.2

F

face value, 1.3.1
factor analysis, 3.5.6
factor analysis matrix, 3.5.6
factor loadings, 12.1
factor premia, 9c.4.2
factor premium, 9c.1
factor-analysis linear factor model, 12.4.1
factor-replicating portfolios
    arbitrage pricing theory, 20b.3.1
factors, 9c, 13.1
    linear factor model, 12.1
fair value, 19.1.2
false negative rate, 14.3
fast Fourier transform, 46.3
feature engineering, 14.1
features, 13.1
Feller condition, 41.5.1
filter, 42.5
    backward shift
        polynomial, 47.9.2
    linear time invariant , 42.5.3
filtering, 13.3
filtration, 39.4
    adapted process, 39.4
        (fully-recombining) binomial tree, 39.4t
        (fully-recombining) tree, 39.4t
        martingale, 39.4
    Radon-Nikodym process
        martingale, finite-discrete-time-stoch-process-sec
financial instrument, 19.1.1
finite difference
    backward first order, 48.2.1, 48.2.2
    central first order, 48.2.1, 48.2.2
    central second order, 48.2.1, 48.2.2
    forward first order, 48.2.1, 48.2.2
first in, 8b.1.1
first order criterion, 45.1
first order differential, 48.1.2
    matrix-variate, 48.1.3
Fisher consistent, 3.7.1
Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA), 14.3.7
Fisher information distance, 28.1.4
flexible probabilities, 3
    estimation, 27.8
forecast, 12.1
forecasting
    inference, 13.3
foreign exchange function, 5.1
foreign exchange rate, 1.2.1
forward, 1.2.2
forward cash-flow-adjusted value, 19.1.5
forward exchange rate, 1.2.1
forward rate, 1.10.2
forward swap, 1.3.1
forward variance swap rate, 1.4.6
fourier integral, 46.3.1
Fourier series, 46.3.1
fractional Brownian motion, 41.4
fractional integrated process, 2.4
Frechet-Hoeffding bounds, 30.1.1
frequency response function, 42.5.3
frequentist risk, 34.1.2
full-investment, 9c.2.2
fully constrained LFM, 12.6.17
functional derivative, 33.5
fundamental accounting equation, 6.7.1
fundamental law of active management, 9c.5.2
fundamental linear factor model, 12.5
fundamental signals, 43.5
fundamental theorem of asset pricing, 20a.2.2
    martingale pricing formula, 20b.4.3
fundamental theorem of calculus
    first, 48.4.2
    second, 48.4.2
funding risk, 6.2
funding value adjustment, 6.2

G

gamma distribution, 27.5.2
Gaussian kernel, 3.1.2, 3.2.3
Gaussian process, 27.4.2
generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic, 2.6.1
generalized excess return, 24.5.2
generalized linear models (GLM), 15.1.6
generalized linear return, 24.4.3
generalized method of moments with flexible probabilities (GMMFP) estimate, 3.6.2
    minimization, 3.6.3
generalized Pareto distribution, 7.5.2
generalized weight, 24.4.4
generative model, 13.3.1
generative next-step model, 2.7.6
generator, 41.3.1
generic position, 22.1.3
geometric Brownian motion, 5.1.1
geometric multiplicity, 47.6.5
Gibbs distribution, 15.3.5
Gini coefficient, 14.3.3
Giny impurity, 15.2.1
glasso, 3.5.5
    Tikhonov, 37.2.3
Glivenko-Cantelli theorem, 3.2.1
global minimum variance portfolio, ??
Gordon growth model, 22.2.1
grade, 29.1
grades, 29.2.1
gradient, 48.1.2
    matrix-variate, 48.1.3
    vector-valued function, 48.1.2
gradient descent, 45.1.1
    stochastic, 45.1.1
Gram matrix, 47.8.4
Gramian, 47.8.4
grand mean, 3.5.1
graph, 15.3.4
graphical lasso, 3.5.5
Greeks, 5.3
gross exposure, 6.1.3
growth stocks, 43.2.1

H

Hadamard product, 47.5.2
half-life, 3.1.1
Hamiltonians, 27.9
hazard function, 1.6
Hellinger distance, 37.4.4
Hermitian inner product, 46.3.1
Hessian, 48.1.2
    matrix-variate, 48.1.3, 48.1.3
Heston model, 22.3.3
hidden variables, 13.1
    maximum likelihood, 35.1.2
    point prediction, 36.3.1
high breakdown estimators, 3.7.2
high breakdown point with flexible probabilities, 3.7.2
high minus low, 9c.1
high water mark, 24.6
historical cdf, 3.2.1
historical cross-sectional, 12.5.7
historical distribution, 3.2.1
historical pdf, 3.2.1
historical principal component, 12.3.7
historical repricing, 5.5.2
historical with flexible probabilities (HFP) autoencoder, 36.3.4
historical with flexible probabilities (HFP) cdf, 3.2.1
historical with flexible probabilities (HFP) correlation matrix, 3.2.2
historical with flexible probabilities (HFP) covariance matrix, 3.2.2
historical with flexible probabilities (HFP) distribution, 3.2.1
historical with flexible probabilities (HFP) estimate, 3.2.1
historical with flexible probabilities (HFP) mean, 3.2.2
historical with flexible probabilities (HFP) median, 3.7.2
historical with flexible probabilities (HFP) pdf, 3.2.1
historical with flexible probabilities (HFP) predictor, 36.3.4
historical with flexible probabilities (HFP) quantile, 3.7.2
historical with flexible probabilities (HFP) standard deviation vector, 3.2.2
hold-out, 36.3.5
Hotelling statistic, 38.1.4
Hurst coefficient, 41.4
hybrid Monte Carlo-historical, 4.5.2

I

ice-cream cone, 45.1.5
identity transformation, 47.2.3
idiosyncratic, 12.1.3
ill-conditioned, 3.5.2
image space, 47.2
implementation shortfall, 24.3
implied returns
    Black-Litterman, 44.7
implied volatility, 1.4.3
implied volatility surface, 1.4.3
improper integral, 48.4.1
impulse response, 42.5.3
in the money, 1.4.2
in-sample error, 37.16
inception, 24.2.2
income, 19.1.6
income statement, 6.7.2
increasing function, 48.5.1
    strictly, monotonicity-univariate
indefinite integral, 48.4.2
independent component analysis, 14.5.5
independent variables, 13.1
    linear factor model, 12.1
inefficiency, 32.6.4, 36.1.2
inference, 13.3
infinitely divisible, 27.11.2
inflator, 20a.2.2
influence function, 3.7.1
information, 2.9.1
    random time series, 3
information coefficient, 9c.5.2
information generator, 2.9.1
information ratio, 32.1.1
    conditional information ratio, 9c.5.2
    maximum (l2-mean unconditional) information ratio, 9c.5.2
    maximum conditional information ratio, 9c.5.2
information set, 2.9.1, 14.1.9
    linearized, 12.2.6
information/view, 16.6.1
inner product, 47.4
    covariance , 32.3.2
    expectation, 32.3.1
    linearity, 47.4
    positive definiteness, 47.4
    symmetry, 47.4
inner product space, 47.4
innovation
    weak, 32.3.4
inputs, 13.1
instantaneous exchange rate, 19.2.3
instantaneous forward curve, 1.10.2
instantaneous forward rate, 1.10.2
instantaneous spot rate, 1.10.2
integral Fourier transform, 46.3.1
integrated, 39.1
integration by parts, 48.4.1
integration operator, 31.4
intensity models, 22.4.2
interaction, 33.2.1
interest rate, 1.3.3
internal rate of return, 24.4.6
interquantile range, 32.4.1
intuitive r-squared, 12.5.5
invariance rule, 27.8.3
invariant, 32.4.2
invariants, 2
inverse, 47.2.3
inverse transform sampling, 29.1
inverse-call, 1.3.4
inverse-Wishart distribution, 27.6.7
invertible, 47.2.3
investment factor, 24.4.6
    reinvested instrument, 19.1.4
iso-contour, 32.6.1
isolated, 8b.1.1
iterated integral, 48.4.3

J

jackknife estimator, 3.7.1
Jacobian, 48.1.2
James-Stein estimator, 3.5.1
Jeffreys prior, 35.2.2
joint model, 34.1.2
joint scenario, 27.8
jump rule, 19.1.3

K

k-fold, 36.3.5
k-means clustering, 14.5.3
kappa ratio, 7.8.2
Karhunen-Loeve representation, 42.6
Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions, 45.1.1
Kendall’s tau, 30.2.1
kernel, 3.2.3
kernel density estimate, 3.2.3
kernel stochastic discount factor, 20a.2.3
kernel trick, 33.2.3, 47.7
    linear kernel, 33.2.3
    polynomial kernel, 33.2.3
    radial basis functions, 33.2.3
kernel with flexible probabilities (KFP) generalized mean, 3.2.3
kernel with flexible probabilities (KFP) pdf, 3.2.3
key rates, 1.3.5
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, 40.1
Kronecker product, 47.5.2
Kullback-Leibler divergence, 28.1.4

L

L2-space, 32.3
labels, 13.1
lag operator, 42.5
    order p, ??
Lagrange multiplier, 45.1.1
Lagrangian function, 45.1.1
Laplace approximation, 32.4.1
large capitalization stocks, 43.5
lasso, 37.2.2, 45.2.7
lasso regression, C.7.3.2
lasso shooting, 45.2.7
last in, 8b.1.2
last transaction price, 1.8.1
latent variables, 13.1
    maximum likelihood, 35.1.2
law invariant, 7.2
law of iterated expectations, 14.1.9
law of one price, 20a.1.2
law of total covariance, 14.1.9
law of total linear covariance, 12.6.13
law of total linear variance, 12.6.13
law of total variance, 14.1.9
LDL-Cholesky decomposition, 47.8.3
learning, 13.3
least-squares residual, 14.1.2, 14.1.2
leave-1-out, 36.3.5
leave-p-out, 36.3.5
leaves, 33.3.1
Legendre transformation, 28.1.3
length, 47.4.1
    covariance, 32.3.2
    expectation , 32.3.1
    Lp, 32.6.2
level, 1.3.5
leverage, 6.1.4
leverage effect, 2.6.2
Levy process, 41.1.1
Levy-Khintchine, 41.1.4
liabilities, 6.7.1
Libor, 1.10.2
likelihood, 3.4
    Bayesian estimation, 35.2.2
    estimators as random variables, 36.1.2
    maximum likelihood, 35.1.1
likelihood ratio, 14.3.2
limit order book, 1.8.1
limit order placement, 10.3
linear classification, 14.190
    bias, 14.3.4
linear combination, 47.1.2
linear dependence, 47.1.2
linear discriminant analysis (LDA), ??
Linear error matrix, 32.3.4
linear factor model, 12.1
linear independence, 47.1.2
linear law of iterated projections, 12.6.13
linear observation equation, 42.4
linear pricing equation, 20a.2.1
    intertemporal, 20b.4.2
linear programming, 45.1.8
linear projection, 12.6.13
linear return, 24.4.1
linear state space model, 42.4
linear transformation, 47.2
linear transition equation, 42.4
linearity, 20a.1.1
linearly constrained quadratic programming, 45.1.6
link function, 27.9
liquidation, 24.2.2
liquidation valuation, 22.1.5
liquidity curve, 10.1
    "market buy" liquidity curve, 10.1
    "market sell" liquidity curve, 10.1
local Markov property, 15.3.6
location, 32.5.1
    affine equivariant, 32.4.1, 32.4.2
    multivariate, 32.5.7
log-loss, 13.2
log-partition function
    exponential family distribution, 27.9
log-return, 24.4.6
log-sum-exp function, 27.9.2
logarithmic score, 13.2
logistic function, 27.392
logistic regression, ??
logit function, 27.9.2
lognormal distribution, 27.6.6
    shifted, 27.6.6
long holdings, 24.1
long memory, 2.4
long position, 22.1.1
longitudinal data, 37.1
Lorentz cone, 45.1.5
Lorenz curve, 27.13
loss, 32.6.4, 34.1.1
    0-1 loss, 14.3.4
    exponential loss, 14.3.4
    hinge loss, 14.3.4
    logistic loss, 14.3.4
    square loss, 14.3.4
    tangent loss, 14.3.4
loss given default, 1.5.2
lower partial moment, 32.5.4
lower partial moment principle, 21.2.1
Lp-space, 32.6.2